Life Span
| Half Life
|
Haemoglobin
| Hb A | Alpha 2, Beta 2 |
| Hb F | Alpha 2, Gamma 2 |
| Hb A 2 | Alpha 2, Delta 2 |
| Hb H | Beta 4 |
| Hb S | Beta 6 val- glu |
| Hb Barts | Gamma 4 |
Blood Coagulation factors
| 1, 2, 5, 7, 9, 10 | Produced in liver |
| 2, 7, 8, 9, 10 | Levels increased with oral contraceptives |
| 2, 7, 9, 10 | Vitamin K required |
| 2, 7, 10 | Prothrombin time helps to know the deficiency state |
| 1. 2. 10 | Both PTT and PT increased in deficiency |
| 5, 8 | unstable in stored blood |
| 5, 10 | good for growth of hemophilus organisms |
Thrombin time is used to monitor heparin activity
| Uraemia | Burr cells are seen |
| Cirrhosis | Spur cells are seen |
| Iron depletion | Seen in Iron deficiency anaemia, polycythemia vera |
| Thalassemia minor | Decreased osmolysis, microcytic hypochromic anaemia, increased HbA2. |
| Sickle cell anaemia | Tactoids and sickling seen. |
| Acquired spherocytosis | Schistocytes present, Coombs positive |
| Hereditary spherocytosis | Coombs negative |
| Aplastic anaemia | Platelets maximum affected and last to recover, Pancytopenia present |
| Pernicious anaemia and Folate deficiency anaemia | Anisocytosis, poikilocytosis, fragmented RBC , neutrophil lobes increased, platelets normal. Absolute reticulocyte count low. |
Sideroblastic Anaemia
| Ring Sideroblasts present (These are Iron granules in mitochondria around the nucleus) Microcytic, hypochromis RBC Macrocytic hypo or normochromic RBC |
| Polycythemia vera | Increased RBCs, platelets and Leukocytes Splenomegaly esent |
| Myeloid metaplastia and Myelofibrosis | Giant Platelets Macrocytic Anaemia ‘Tear Drop’ poikilocytes Leukoerythroblastic picture |
| Warm antibody autoimmune haemolytic anaemia | Polychromasia and Spherocytosis present |
| Megakaryocytosis marrow seen in | Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic purpura Myeloid Metaplasia Polycythemia vera |
| Subleukaemic Leukaemia | Abnormal cells present White cell count normal or decreased |
| Aleukaemic leukaemia | No abnormal cells WBC Count usually decreased below normal Diagnosis from marrow aspiration |
| Hairy cell leukaemia | Neutropenia, Splenomegaly, hair cells seen. |
| Acute non- lymphocytic Leukaemia Lymphoblasts Myeloblasts | Total count usually more than 1, 00, 000 Macrocytic Normochromic Anaemia Severe Thrombocytopenia PAS Positive, Sudan black positive, stains with Romanowski stain |
| CML | All series of cells seen Myeloblasts greater than 10, Increased Basophils, eosonophils, thrombocytes |
| C.L.L( B Cell disease) | Small lymphocytes increased. Blasts are rare. Auto immune hemolytic anaemia present. |
| Pro- lymphocytic Leukaemia | Large lymphocytes with prominent nucleolus |
| Eosinophillic Leukaemia | Eosnophils increased |
| Burkit’s lymphoma | "Starry sky" appearance in Lymphnode biopsy |
HemophiliasDeficient Factor
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| Hemophilia A | Factor VIII Deficiency |
| Hemophilia B | Factor IX Deficiency |
| Hemophilia C | Factor XI Deficiency |
| Para hemophilia | Factor V Deficiency |
| Pseudohemophilia | (Vascular Hemophilia)Von Willebrand’s disease |
I always love to share my knowledge with students and I have found that hematology stains have been a great learning tool along the way
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